Without evidence of benefit, an intervention should not be presumed to be beneficial or safe.

- Rogue Medic

2020 ACLS Repeats the Mistakes of 2015 ACLS

 

 

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) has updated the ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support) recommendations by making excuses for the evidence.

 

We have been using epinephrine for 50 years without evidence of improved outcomes that matter to patients.

 

A Randomized Trial of Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (Paramedic2) shows that epinephrine does not improve outcomes for prehospital patients.

 

In conclusion, in this randomized trial involving patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the use of epinephrine resulted in a significantly higher rate of survival at 30 days than the use of placebo, but there was no significant between-group difference in the rate of a favorable neurologic outcome because more survivors had severe neurologic impairment in the epinephrine group.

 

Rather than limit treatments to those with high quality evidence that they improve outcomes that matter to patients, the recommendation is to keep giving epinephrine, because eventually someone might provide something – anything – to support epinephrine.

 

What about amiodarone?

 

Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (ALPS) showed that amiodarone also does not improve outcomes.

 

Conclusions Overall, neither amiodarone nor lidocaine resulted in a significantly higher rate of survival or favorable neurologic outcome than the rate with placebo among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to initial shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

 

If amiodarone was mentioned, I missed it. Both epinephrine and amiodarone had large placebo-controlled research results released showing that the outcomes are worse with epinephrine and worse with amiodarone.

 

There is still no evidence that any ventilation produces better outcomes than compression-only resuscitation, but it looks like the intervention will continue to be recommended.

 

In the absence of evidence of benefit, inadequately tested interventions should be avoided.

 

The goal is to protect the patients, not to protect the interventions.

 

.

The Fatal Flaw in Trial of Continuous or Interrupted Chest Compressions during CPR

ResearchBlogging.org
 

Trial of Continuous or Interrupted Chest Compressions during CPR — NEJM
 

In conclusion, among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in whom CPR was performed by EMS providers, a strategy of continuous chest compressions with positive-pressure ventilation did not result in significantly higher rates of survival or favorable neurologic status than the rates with a strategy of chest compressions interrupted for ventilation.[1]

 

This is not a study that has a valid control group to determine if there is any benefit from ventilation. There is no group that does not receive ventilations, so it is like a study of one type of blood-letting vs. another type of blood-letting with the researchers taking for granted that blood-letting does improve outcomes. That is not a problem if blood-letting actually improves outcomes.

Should we take it for granted that blood-letting improves outcomes and that the only hypothesis worth studying is which brand to choose?

Should we assume that ventilations are too sacred to ever be doubted?

Should we assume that there are better arguments for ventilations than for blood-letting? That is not true.
 

If we ignore this fatal flaw, the study is very well done. I really like the study design. It is an excellent example of how to study two different versions of an intervention after that intervention has been demonstrated to improve outcomes, but ventilations have never been demonstrated to improve outcomes in adult patients with cardiac causes of cardiac arrest.

Should we have assumed that blood-letting was too sacred to ever be doubted?
 

We do know that outcomes for seizure patients improve when EMS gives benzodiazepines, because some people cared enough to find out.[2]

Assuming that a treatment is too important to study is like building on a foundation in a swamp.
 


 

We still do not know if there is any benefit from including ventilations, because the study design assumes that we don’t want to know.

There is no good reason to believe that ventilations improve outcomes for adult patients with cardiac causes of cardiac arrest. This study has not done anything to change that.

Our patients deserve better. Why aren’t we finding out what improves outcomes?

Footnotes:

[1] Trial of Continuous or Interrupted Chest Compressions during CPR.
Nichol G, Leroux B, Wang H, Callaway CW, Sopko G, Weisfeldt M, Stiell I, Morrison LJ, Aufderheide TP, Cheskes S, Christenson J, Kudenchuk P, Vaillancourt C, Rea TD, Idris AH, Colella R, Isaacs M, Straight R, Stephens S, Richardson J, Condle J, Schmicker RH, Egan D, May S, Ornato JP; ROC Investigators.
N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 26550795

Free Full Text from NEJM.

[2] A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus.
Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, Gottwald MD, O’Neil N, Neuhaus JM, Segal MR, Lowenstein DH.
N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 30;345(9):631-7. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2001 Dec 20;345(25):1860.
PMID: 11547716 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Free Full Text from N Engl J Med. with link to PDF Download.

Nichol, G., Leroux, B., Wang, H., Callaway, C., Sopko, G., Weisfeldt, M., Stiell, I., Morrison, L., Aufderheide, T., Cheskes, S., Christenson, J., Kudenchuk, P., Vaillancourt, C., Rea, T., Idris, A., Colella, R., Isaacs, M., Straight, R., Stephens, S., Richardson, J., Condle, J., Schmicker, R., Egan, D., May, S., & Ornato, J. (2015). Trial of Continuous or Interrupted Chest Compressions during CPR New England Journal of Medicine DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1509139

Alldredge BK,, Gelb AM,, Isaacs SM,, Corry MD,, Allen F,, Ulrich S,, Gottwald MD,, O’Neil N,, Neuhaus JM,, Segal MR,, & Lowenstein DH. (2001). A Comparison of Lorazepam, Diazepam, and Placebo for the Treatment of Out-of-Hospital Status Epilepticus New England Journal of Medicine, 345 (25), 1860-1860 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200112203452521

.

The FDA Gives Us Recalls and Label Changes for EMS Week


Image credit.
 

The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has been busy with recalls and label changes this past week for EMS week.
 

Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection, USP, 100 mg/20 mL (5 mg/mL) 20 mL Multidose Vial, NDC 0409-2267-20, Lot 36-225-DD, Expiration 12/01/2015.[1]

 

This is worse than the usual particulate matter. Since this is often used to lower the blood pressure of patients with bad things happening in the brain or the heart, a bit of particulate matter could be the coup de grâce.
 

The embedded particulate was identified as stainless steel and the floating particulate as iron oxide. To date, Hospira has not received reports of any adverse events associated with this issue for this lot. Hospira has attributed the embedded particulate to a supplier’s glass defect.[1]

 
 


Image at DailyMed.
 

Dobutamine is another medication with a recall that is given to some of our less stable patients.
 

In general, injected particulate matter may result acutely in local inflammation, phlebitis, and/or low level allergic response through mechanical disruption of tissue or immune response to the particulate. Small capillaries may become obstructed.[2]

 

Dobutamine is supposed to improve circulation through small capillaries. 😳
 
 


 

Suppose you would like to ventilate a patient with a BVM (Bag Valve Mask) resuscitator (with the mask or connected to an endotracheal tube, a tracheostomy tube, and LMA, a King airway, . . . ). Some of them might not work properly.
 

voluntary medical device removal of a limited number of Ventlab™ Resuscitator Bags after becoming aware of complaints regarding a sticking duckbill valve that resulted in the resuscitation bags delivering no air through the patient valve, to the patient. The valves may stick due to incomplete curing during the manufacturing process. Resuscitation bags affected may not function properly and may result in a delay of treatment and life threatening health consequences that include hypoxia and hypoventilation.[3]

 

A sticking duckbill valve?

At 25 seconds of this video, there is a good view of the duckbill valve from the patient end.
 


 

There has been one report of injury requiring medical intervention due to the lack of a functional resuscitation bag and 31 reports of a delay in oxygenation due to the requirement to utilize a 2nd or 3rd device. The FDA has been notified of this voluntary action by Ventlab, LLC.[3]

 

If you are using injectable risperidone (Risperdal), watch out for anaphylaxis. It is rare, but it can make a bad situation worse and you probably were not injecting risperidone because the patient is being helpful.
 

6.8 Postmarketing Experience [for Risperdal Consta ]

  • added: Very rarely, cases of anaphylactic reaction after injection with RISPERDAL CONSTA have been reported during postmarketing experience in patients who have previously tolerated oral risperidone.[4]
  •  
     

    One of the new anticoagulants does not appear to increase the rate of stroke or heart attack (compared to warfarin [Coumadin]). Yay!

    But it does appear to increase the rate of GI bleed (GastroIntestinal bleed) (compared to warfarin [Coumadin]). Remember to pay attention to any signs of changes in bowel habits of signs of anemia in patients taking the newer anticoagulants.
     

    The new study included information from more than 134,000 Medicare patients, 65 years or older, and found that among new users of blood-thinning drugs, Pradaxa was associated with a lower risk of clot-related strokes, bleeding in the brain, and death, than warfarin. The study also found an increased risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding with use of Pradaxa as compared to warfarin. The MI risk was similar for the two drugs.[5]

     
     

    NTG (NiTroGlycerin – GTN GlycerylTriNitrate in Commonwealth countries) no longer has the following precaution –
     

    PRECAUTIONS
    Drug Interactions

    deleted: “Patients receiving antihypertensive…..concomitantly”
    [6]

     

    That was the good news.

    NTG is still discouraged if a patient is taking a PDE-5 (PhosphoDiEsterase-5) inhibitor.
     

    Footnotes:

    [1] Hospira Announces Voluntary Nationwide Recall Of One Lot Of Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection, USP, 100 MG/20 ML (5MG/ML), 20 ML, Multidose Vial, Due To Visible Particulates
    May 16, 2014
    Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts
    FDA
    Recall

    [2] Hospira Announces Voluntary Nationwide Recall Of One Lot Of Dobutamine Injection, USP, 250 MG, 20 ML, Single-Dose Fliptop Vial, Due To Visible Particulates
    May 16, 2014
    Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts
    FDA
    Recall

    [3] Ventlab, LLC. Issues a Nationwide Recall of Ventlab Resuscitator Bags Due to Possible Health Risk
    May 16, 2014
    Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts
    FDA
    Recall

    [4] Risperdal (risperidone) tablets, oral solution, Risperdal M-Tab (risperidone) orally disintegrating tablets, and Risperdal Consta (risperidone) long-acting injection.
    Page Last Updated: 05/16/2014
    Safety information
    FDA
    Label change

    [5] Pradaxa (dabigatran): Drug Safety Communication – Lower Risk for Stroke and Death, but Higher Risk for GI Bleeding Compared to Warfarin
    [Posted 05/13/2014]
    Safety information
    FDA
    Label change

    [6] Nitrostat (nitroglycerin, USP) Sublingual Tablets
    Detailed View: Safety Labeling Changes Approved By FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)

    Page Last Updated: 05/16/2014
    Safety information
    FDA
    Label change

    .